Last week you learned:

the 4 major components of a computer
that computers store everything (data, programs, pictures, text) as 0's and 1's (using the binary number system)
how to count in binary, how to convert between decimal and binary
how to visualize memory
that each position in memory has a number to represent its address (location) as well as a number for the data stored there
a rough idea of the parts of the CPU and how they interact
that a computer performs only miniscule tasks, one at a time, and one after another. Each task-type is assigned a number called an opcode. The opcodes and numbers making up a program is called machine language.
that assembly language is a human-readable form of machine language
that assemblers are programs that translate assembly language into machine language
that high-level languages (like c++) allow us to program in a language more suited to the way we think than assembly or machine language
that compilers translate high-level languages into machine language
that the cygwin program we're using is an emulator for the UNIX operating system - it runs "on top" on windows
how to use several commands in cygwin (gvim, g++, ls, rm)
how to write a simple c++ program that displays a line of text to the screen.
what each line in the simplest c++ program means